Reef Safe Sunscreen: Understanding Hawaii's New Sunscreen Laws

Off the Kona Coast in Kealakekua Bay, it’s a slightly different story. One year before the statewide ban took effect, the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources banned all use of such sunscreens by “commercial vessels” — the boats that take hundreds of tourists out for swimming and snorkeling every day. Fair Wind, one of the major cruise lines sailing regularly through the bay, was already providing compliant sunscreen to customers before the rule took effect.

So what are these chemicals, and why ban them?

Both oxybenzone and octinoxate are FDA-approved compounds that absorb and filter UV rays. In other words, they are in fact the active ingredients in an estimated 80 percent of sunscreens on the market. Unfortunately, there are studies, most notably one conducted in 2015 by Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, suggesting these ingredients are also like kryptonite to coral reefs when they wash off into the ocean, damaging the coral’s DNA, producing deformities and bleaching, even killing it altogether. 

If banning sunscreen to save coral reefs raises your eyebrows, you’re not alone - the decision has been fairly controversial. The American Academy of Dermatology stated in 2018 that the ban could cause an increase in skin cancer rates in a part of the world where it is already unusually common.

Suncare in the US is a multi-billion-dollar industry. One way to interpret that is to recognize it means millions and millions of Americans are using a sunscreen every day to protect their health. Suddenly excluding the majority of that market in one of the states where it is used most certainly seems like it could be a risky move for public health. 

Yet another way to interpret the size of the sun care industry is to see there are quite powerful brands with a heavy stake in the outcome of the new regulations. Johnson & Johnson, Proctor & Gamble, and L’Oreal alone own 30% of the sun care market and are something like heavyweight champions when it comes to sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate. 

In an unsurprising 2018 public statement, the senior director of a national trade association which represents manufacturers for Johnson & Johnson and others condemned the new regulations, saying “two ingredients that are both safe and effective for use in sunscreen are being banned…” He went on to claim that other issues affecting coral reefs are more important, such as “global warming, overfishing, pollution, and runoff.”  

The claim that oxybenzone and octinoxate are safe for humans is arguably a dubious one. 29 studies have been done on the causal relationship between the two chemicals and human health, and their findings have been somewhat mixed. In particular, oxybenzone has been associated with effects on hormones and kidney function; but the current NCBI conclusion is that further research is needed and that no conclusive evidence currently exists for adverse impacts on human health by either chemical. 

Even if oxybenzone and octinoxate do turn out to be safe for humans, the truth is that it may be something of a false choice. Conspicuously absent from these corporate-sponsored discussions is the fact that viable alternatives to both chemicals exist and can be found in numerous commercially available “reef-safe” sunscreens.

Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, when combined, are effective at protecting the skin from UV rays and are less harmful to coral reefs. The Haereticus Environmental Laboratory maintains the HEL List, which identifies sunscreens that are not safe for reefs. Simultaneously, they also provide the Protect Land + Sea Certification which you can often find on sunscreen containers as a seal of reef-safety approval. 

Maui County went even further in October 2022. Its ban covers all non-mineral sunscreens — not just oxybenzone and octinoxate, but any sunscreen whose active ingredients aren’t zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. Selling, distributing, or using non-mineral sunscreen on Maui now carries fines up to $1,000. Maui is the strictest sunscreen jurisdiction in the country. Read the full breakdown: Non-Mineral Sunscreen Is Now Illegal on Maui.

Hawaii’s sunscreen regulations remain contentious, but the core argument is straightforward: reef-safe alternatives exist that protect your skin just as well. The market has moved. Five years in, mineral-based sunscreens are widely available, the banned formulas have quietly disappeared from most store shelves, and the question is no longer whether to comply — it’s which compliant sunscreen to bring.